A radial array of heavy rebar now marks the circular footprint of a vast experimental nuclear machine that is the centerpiece of a research program into atomic fusion, potentially a limitless energy source. Fusion research at the site will be challenging enough, but just getting the $16-billion facility up and running is no easy task.
Weighing over three times more than the Eiffel Tower but far more complicated, the 23,000-tonne Tokamak reactor, located in southern France, is being designed in pieces all over the world; it will be assembled at the site near Saint Paul-lez-Durance, some 75 kilometers north of Marseille.
Like the Tower of Babel, the complex device has a lofty goal and many designers. The project is running years late and over budget. "A lot has been achieved, and, certainly, we will go ahead faster," says Sabina Griffith, spokeswoman for the ITER Organisation (IO), which is running the fusion project on behalf of the 35 participating countries.
With Europe funding around 45% of the fusion experiment, China, India, Russia, South Korea and the U.S. are chipping in less than 10% each. During some 20 years of operations, the project aims to generate 500 MW of energy from 50 MW of input heat, leading to a 2,000- to 4,000-MW demonstration plant.
Of the various routes to fusion, IO has chosen the Tokamak reactor system, which merges deuterium and tritium isotopes of hydrogen at temperatures around 150 million degrees Celsius. Arrays of powerful magnets will be needed to keep the superhot isotopes away from the doughnut-shaped reactor walls. IO's 30-meter-tall, 30-m-dia machine will be housed in a heavily reinforced, seven-floor concrete building, now taking shape.
"We need to design a large civil structure [that] can not only support the loads that are applied to it, but we [also] need to be able to put in large temporary openings," says Roger Holt, design manager for IO's buildings and infrastructure. Dense concentrations of rebar and the inclusion of tens of thousands of steel embedments add to the complexity, he says.
Holt is a principal engineer at W.S. Atkins plc., London, which leads the architect-engineer Engage consortium. Engage includes Empresarios Agrupados S.A., Madrid, and the Paris-based French firms Assystem S.A., and Egis S.A.
Engage likely will use up some of the 36-month extension allowed in its eight-year design-and-supervise contract, started in 2010, and its cost will be much more than the original $160 million, concedes another senior engineer.
Since work began some five years ago, the start date for fusion research has slipped by up to five years, to 2024, and the project cost has grown, says Griffith. To improve control and set new targets, the ITER Council in March replaced Osamu Motojima with Bernard Bigot as director-general.
Bigot will complete a cost and progress review that started last year, aiming to produce a new baseline this November. The aim is introduce "a more rational strategy of management," says Aris Apollonatos, spokesman at Fusion for Energy (F4E). This Barcelona, Spain-based group is managing the EU's contribution to IO, including site facilities.
To help explain the delays, Griffith says, "It's an R&D project [that] has scientists at the end of it." Scientists haven't appreciated "some of the engineering realities," agrees Steven Lisgo, one of about 25 physicists at IO. "We have started to understand how engineers work. … It's not many physicists who have to work to deadlines," he says.
